![]() Values are also given for experiments done at various forests: Waldstein (star), Holwerda et al. (a) Changes of the slope of deposition velocity of cloud water A with change in total LAD. Solid lines are linear regression lines for V dep. In (b), linear regression curves in the cases of characteristic leaf length d leaf of 10 (thin solid line), 30 (thick solid line), and 50 (dot–dashed line) mm calculated with the mod-SOLVEG model as well as the curve derived from field experiments (dashed line) are also shown.ĭeposition velocity V dep (circles) and aerodynamic ( r −1 a) (triangles) and canopy ( r −1 c) (plus signs) conductances of cloud water transfer for coniferous trees with a height of 10 m and varying LAI plotted against horizontal wind speed over the canopy. Note that for the Lovett model calculations only data from September–December 2000 were used because of a lack of data in 2001.ĭeposition velocity of cloud water on (a) needle leaves and (b) broad leaves plotted against horizontal wind speed over the canopy. Linear regressions are shown as solid lines. Deposition velocity calculations by (b) mod-SOLVEG, (c) the Lovett model, (d) original SOLVEG, (e) original SOLVEG plus capture efficiency calculations, and (f) original SOLVEG plus capture efficiency and cloud DSD calculations based on horizontal wind speed over the canopy. Time series of (a) turbulent and (b) gravitational cloud water fluxes over the canopy at the Waldstein site in October 2001 (solid lines and open circles indicate computations and observations, respectively).Ĭomparisons of calculated and measured values for (a) turbulent and (b) gravitational cloud water fluxes over the canopy over the model test period. Temporal changes of (a) net radiation R net, (b) sensible heat flux H, and (c) latent heat flux lE over the canopy at the Waldstein site during September 2000 (solid lines: calculations by this model open circles: observations). (b) Change of liquid water content in each bin according to the droplet diameter of the bin at the Waldstein site during September 2001. ![]() (1992) (dashed line), and Sävijarvi and Räisänen (1998) (dot–dashed line). ![]() (a) Change of mean droplet diameter of cloud water dependence on total liquid cloud water content for the observations (open circles), this study (solid line), Joslin et al. The calculated curves of capture efficiency plotted against Stokes number S tk and horizontal wind speed | U| with the droplet diameter of 15 μm, for (a) needle leaves and (b) broad leaves, respectively. Schematic diagram of the processes of heat and water exchanges in vegetation and atmospheric submodels in SOLVEG. Location of the Waldstein site in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains in Germany.
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